Numerical investigation of external sulfate attack and its effect on chloride binding and diffusion in concrete

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures may suffer from serious durability problems during long-term service. To investigate the deterioration of RC subjected to dual attacks chlorides and sulfates, this study proposes a coupled model for external sulfate attack (ESA) its effect on chloride binding diffusion. account influence binding, reduction function is proposed. The sulfate-induced damage diffusion considered through function. validated against third-party experimental data multiple perspectives. Some important factors such as solution concentration, immersion time, curing time water-cement ratio, well how these affect impact transport, were elaborated. findings bring insights design serving in harsh environments.